Applied Ontology Wiki - Recent changes [en]

Main Page

Phismith — Mon, 04 May 2026 06:38:43 GMT

Ontology and AI

Phismith — Thu, 30 Apr 2026 20:34:07 GMT

Week 10: Debates on ontology engineering: Part 2

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:34, 30 April 2026
(One intermediate revision by the same user not shown)
Line 57:		Line 57:
	Ontology (also called 'metaphysics') is a subfield of philosophy which aims to establich the kinds of entities in the world -- including both the material and the mental world -- and the relations between them. Applied ontology applies philosophical ideas and methods to support those who are collecting, using, comparing, refining, evaluating or (today above all) generating data.		Ontology (also called 'metaphysics') is a subfield of philosophy which aims to establich the kinds of entities in the world -- including both the material and the mental world -- and the relations between them. Applied ontology applies philosophical ideas and methods to support those who are collecting, using, comparing, refining, evaluating or (today above all) generating data.

	Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the subfield of Computer Science devoted to developing programs that enable computers to display behavior that can (broadly) be characterized as 'intelligent'. On the strong version, the ultimate goal of AI is to create what is called ''General Artificial Intelligence'' (AGI), by which is meant an artificial system that is as intelligent as a human being. ~~ChatGT~~ and other large language models (LLMs) attempt to generate data from other data, where the latter are obtained for example by crawling the internet.		Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the subfield of Computer Science devoted to developing programs that enable computers to display behavior that can (broadly) be characterized as 'intelligent'. On the strong version, the ultimate goal of AI is to create what is called ''General Artificial Intelligence'' (AGI), by which is meant an artificial system that is as intelligent as a human being. ChatGPT and other large language models (LLMs) attempt to generate data from other data, where the latter are obtained for example by crawling the internet.

	'''Required reading'''		'''Required reading'''
Line 360:		Line 360:

	:'''[https://youtu.be/UzHTEMxgKEc Video]		:'''[https://youtu.be/UzHTEMxgKEc Video]
	:'''[https://buffalo.box.com/v/~~Lecture10Slides~~ Slides]		:'''[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Debate2-Slides Slides]
	:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Debate2-Transcription Transcription]		:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Debate2-Transcription Transcription]

Introduction to Philosophy from an Ontological Perspective: Fall 2026

Phismith — Sun, 26 Apr 2026 15:21:52 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:21, 26 April 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	PHI 601 Introduction to Philosophy from an Ontological Perspective - ~~Spring~~ 2026		PHI 601 Introduction to Philosophy from an Ontological Perspective - Fall 2026

	Registration number 23606		Registration number 23606

Introduction to Philosophy from an Ontological Perspective: Fall 2026

Phismith — Sun, 26 Apr 2026 15:21:26 GMT

Created page with "PHI 601 Introduction to Philosophy from an Ontological Perspective - Spring 2026 Registration number 23606 Instructor: [http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith Barry Smith] '''Office hours''': By appointment via email to [mailto:phismith@buffalo.edu] '''The Course''' This course is a 1 credit-hour asynchronous online course for masters-level students and advanced undergraduates. No background in philosophy or ontology is presupposed. It provides an introduction to cent..."

New page

PHI 601 Introduction to Philosophy from an Ontological Perspective - Spring 2026

Registration number 23606

Instructor: [http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith Barry Smith]

'''Office hours''': By appointment via email to [mailto:phismith@buffalo.edu]

'''The Course'''

This course is a 1 credit-hour asynchronous online course for masters-level students and advanced undergraduates. No background in philosophy or ontology is presupposed.

It provides an introduction to central themes in the history of philosophy viewed from an ontological perspective. The course is designed to be of interest to both philosophers and those with a background in computer and information science. Topics treated will include:

- brief history of ontology from Aristotle to the Human Genome Project.

- the meaning of life

- the ontology of social reality

- ontology leaving the mother ship of philosophy

- why computer science needs philosophy

- the Semantic Web

- towards a standard top-level ontology

- ontology and the Federal Government Data Integration Initiative (anno 2009)

'''[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLyngZgIl3WTjov-UhEW7N145LVBPrRYLZ Course content, which consists of 8 lectures, can be found here].'''

== '''Student Learning Outcomes''' ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Program Outcomes/Competencies
! Instructional Method(s)
! Assessment Method(s)
|-
| The student will acquire a beginner's knowledge of philosophy that will introduce him or her to more technical aspects of the discipline in subsequent semesters.
| Lectures and class discussions.
| Assessment of questions submitted at the end of the lectures.
|-
| The student will acquire experience in using one principal philosophical method, namely: analysing arguments and formulating relevant questions for which answers have not been provided in the course of the lectures.
| The student is required to submit written questions for each of the 8 lectures making up the course.
| Review of questions for relevance and originality.
|-
| The student will acquire experience in using a second principal philosophical method, namely: taking an active part in oral arguments.
| Performance in the final -- synchronous -- session of the course, active participation in which is compulsory.
| Review of active participation by student.
|}

'''Grading'''
Grading for the course will take the following form. For each of the 8 lectures the student is required to prepare a single question relating to the content of that lecture. It should be such that an answer to the question is not provided in the lecture. It should also be of general interest to the other students taking the course. After digesting the content of all lectures the student should send a list of 8 questions to phismith@buffalo.edu with the subject heading "8 Questions". After receiving emails of this form from all students enrolled in the class, '''and not later than April 15''', one or more zoom meetings will be organized at which students will be required to engage in arguments pertaining to a subset of these questions. Participation in these zoom meeting is required by all class participants, and class contributions will be part of the grade for the course.

The final grade will be calculated on the basis of:
:1. quality of questions, measured in terms of interestingness, clarity, and relevance to the course
:2. completeness of the list of questions received
:3. quality of contributions to the final synchronous meeting

A video recording of Dr Smith's answers to representative questions is available [https://buffalo.box.com/v/Questions-on-ontology here].

For further information please contact Dr Smith at phismith@buffalo.edu

'''Grade Quality Percentage'''

{| class = wikitable
| A || 4.0 || 90.0% -100.00%
|-
| A- || 3.67 || 87.0% - 89.9%
|-
| B+ || 3.33 || 84.0% - 86.9%
|-
| B || 3.00 || 80.0% - 83.9%
|-
| B- || 2.67 || 77.0% - 79.9%
|-
| C+ || 2.33 || 74.0% - 76.9%
|-
| C || 2.00 || 71.0% - 73.9%
|-
| C- || 1.67 || 68.0% - 70.9%
|-
| D+ || 1.33 || 65.0% - 67.9%
|-
| D || 1.00 || 62.0% - 64.9%
|-
| F || 0 || 61.9% or below
|}

An interim grade of Incomplete (I) may be assigned if the student has completed some but not all requirements for the course. The default grade accompanying an interim grade of 'I' shall be 'U' and will be displayed on the UB record as 'IU.' The default Unsatisfactory (U) grade shall become the permanent course grade of record if the 'IU' is not changed through formal notice by the instructor upon the student's completion of the course.

Assignment of an interim 'IU' is at the discretion of the instructor. A grade of 'IU' can be assigned only if successful completion of unfulfilled course requirements can result in a final grade better than the default 'U' grade. The student should have a passing average in the requirements already completed. The instructor shall provide the student specification, in writing, of the requirements to be fulfilled.

Related Policies and Services
Academic integrity is a fundamental university value. Through the honest completion of academic work, students sustain the integrity of the university while facilitating the university's imperative for the transmission of knowledge and culture based upon the generation of new and innovative ideas. See http://grad.buffalo.edu/Academics/Policies-Procedures/Academic-Integrity.html.

Accessibility resources: If you have any disability which requires reasonable accommodations to enable you to participate in this course, please contact the Office of Accessibility Resources in 60 Capen Hall, 645-2608 and also the instructor of this course during the first week of class. The office will provide you with information and review appropriate arrangements for reasonable accommodations, which can be found on the web here.

University suppert services: Students are often unaware of university support services. For example, the Center for Excellence in Writing provides support for written work, and several tutoring centers on campus provide academic success support and resources.

Available resources on sexual assault: UB is committed to providing an environment free of all forms of discrimination and sexual harassment, including sexual assault, domestic and dating violence and stalking. If you have experienced gender-based violence (intimate partner violence, attempted or completed sexual assault, harassment, coercion, stalking, etc.), UB has resources to help. This includes academic accommodations, health and counseling services, housing accommodations, helping with legal protective orders, and assistance with reporting the incident to police or other UB officials if you so choose. Please contact UB’s Title IX Coordinator at 716-645-2266 for more information. For confidential assistance, you may also contact a Crisis Services Campus Advocate at 716-796-4399.

Counselling services: As a student you may experience a range of issues that can cause barriers to learning or reduce your ability to participate in daily activities. These might include strained relationships, anxiety, high levels of stress, alcohol/drug problems, feeling down, health concerns, or unwanted sexual experiences. Counseling, Health Services, and Health Promotion are here to help with these or other concerns. You learn can more about these programs and services by contacting:

:Counseling Services: 120 Richmond Quad (North Campus), phone 716-645-2720
:Health Services: Michael Hall (South Campus), phone: 716-829-3316
:Health Promotion: 114 Student Union (North Campus), phone: 716- 645-2837

== '''Recommended reading''' ==

:Marjorie Grene, ''A Portrait of Aristotle''
:R. Arp, B. Smith, A. D. Spear, ''[https://mitpress.mit.edu/index.php?q=books/building-ontologies-basic-formal-ontology Building Ontologies with Basic Formal Ontology]''
:John R. Searle, ''Making the Social World''
:E. J. Lowe, ''The Four Category Ontology''
:Roman Ingarden, ''The Literary Work of Art. An Investigation on the Borderlines of Ontology, Logic, and Theory of Language''

Main Page

Phismith — Sun, 26 Apr 2026 15:20:03 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:20, 26 April 2026
Line 16:		Line 16:

	*[[Special Topics PHI 579: The World's Ontology Ecosystem]]		*[[Special Topics PHI 579: The World's Ontology Ecosystem]]

			These courses are plannned for Fall 2026

	*[[Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology: Fall 2026]]		*[[Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology: Fall 2026]]

			*[[Introduction to Philosophy from an Ontological Perspective: Fall 2026]]

			A new course entitled Ontology of Society, focusing on law and organizations, will be organized in Spring 2026.

Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology: Fall 2026

Phismith — Mon, 20 Apr 2026 17:13:45 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:13, 20 April 2026
(One intermediate revision by the same user not shown)
Line 1:		Line 1:
	==PHI ~~598LEC~~ Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology==		==PHI 598 Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology==
	'''Fall 2026'''		'''Fall 2026'''

Line 6:		Line 6:
	ONLINE, ASYNCHRONOUS, THREE CREDIT COURSE		ONLINE, ASYNCHRONOUS, THREE CREDIT COURSE

	This course will ~~present an introduction~~ to Basic Formal Ontology (BFO), ~~which is~~ a ~~widely used~~ top-level ontology, ~~approved~~ in ~~2021~~ as ~~international standard ISO/IEC 21838~~-2.		This course will introduce students to Basic Formal Ontology (BFO), a top-level ISO standard ontology framework that serves as a shared, reusable foundation for domain ontologies in biomedical, scientific, industrial and government domains. It will cover the BFO framework's core distinctions and explore how BFO functions as the upper-level backbone for major ontologies in the Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) Foundry, the Industrial Ontologies Foundry (IOF) and the National Security Ontologies Foundry (NSOF). All of these use BFO as a basis for representing real-world domains in a rigorous and interoperable way. It will also address the philosophical underpinnings of BFO's realist approach, its formal axiomatization in OWL and FOL, and practical skills for building and evaluating ontologies aligned with the BFO hierarchy. In this way it will prepare students to contribute to large-scale, cross-domain knowledge integration projects in science, medicine, and beyond.

	The ~~coure~~ will be built around a series of videos in week-by-week order as listed below.		The courae will be built around a series of videos in week-by-week order as listed below.

	Students will find further treatment of many of the issues addressed in the videos in the BFO textbook, which is listed under Background Reading below.		Students will find further treatment of many of the issues addressed in the videos in the BFO textbook, which is listed under Background Reading below.

Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology: Fall 2026

Phismith — Mon, 20 Apr 2026 15:46:58 GMT

Created page with "==PHI 598LEC Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology== '''Fall 2026''' Faculty: Dr. Barry Smith ONLINE, ASYNCHRONOUS, THREE CREDIT COURSE This course will present an introduction to Basic Formal Ontology (BFO), which is a widely used top-level ontology, approved in 2021 as international standard ISO/IEC 21838-2. The coure will be built around a series of videos in week-by-week order as listed below. Students will find further treatment of many of the issues addresse..."

New page

==PHI 598LEC Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology==
'''Fall 2026'''

Faculty: Dr. Barry Smith

ONLINE, ASYNCHRONOUS, THREE CREDIT COURSE

This course will present an introduction to Basic Formal Ontology (BFO), which is a widely used top-level ontology, approved in 2021 as international standard ISO/IEC 21838-2.

The coure will be built around a series of videos in week-by-week order as listed below.

Students will find further treatment of many of the issues addressed in the videos in the BFO textbook, which is listed under Background Reading below.

In addition students will be provided with data and documents relating to the uses and the wider reception of BFO. These materials are to be used to prepare an essay, a pointpoint presentation and a youtube vide, addressing issues relating to BFO's use and reception. Guidance will be provided by Dr Smith in the course of the semester, along with feedback on successive drafts of the paper and presentation.

==Week 1: Inaugural session: Introduction and background==

==Week 2: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7sbzF9p7qvk Basic Formal Ontology 101]==
:This is an introduction to building ontologies with BFO, with special reference to the rules for deciding whether a given general term designates a universal.

==Week 3: [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLyngZgIl3WTj6tWcypTLpCnYXu6o93kD4 BFO Tutorial (2019): A Series of 6 Videos]==

:This is a survey of main features of BFO itself in the form of a series of short tutorials. It deals with BFO 2.0, which differs slightly from BFO 2020, which is the most current version. However the differences relate not to BFO itself, but rather to the new First Order Logic axiomatization of BFO, which was introduced with the ISO standard. Details (for those who are interested in such matters) can be found here: https://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/BFO_Release_History.

==Week 4: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GWkk5AfRCpM Basic Formal Ontology Tutorial]==

:This is a presentation to an audience of engineers at a meeting of the Industrial Ontologies Foundry. It contains examples of what happens when people argue about BFO. BFO is a realist ontology, which means that all terms of BFO are intended to refer to something that exist. How, then, do we provide a BFO-conformant treatment of the work of an industrial designer, at the point where the object he is designing does not yet exist?

==Week 5: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwsBxRs9kns The Ontology of Science]==

:Focuses on the Focuses on the ontology of biology, and on the issue of multi-level ontology -- from molecules to cells to organisms, and from functions at the molecular level to downstream biological processes. BFO claims to be a multi-perspectival ontology, and in particular a multi-granularity ontology, which can work on each of these levels.

==Week 6: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sTx_rRWmTqE Information Artifacts], [https://youtu.be/PBKsupBquok Aboutness], and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y3btP1InPZY Language]==
==Wednesday, February 25, 7-8pm: Team meeting==

:BFO does not contain terms relating to information entities such as words or mathematical equations or poems. Instead it draws on the category of generically dependent continuants (GDCs), which then forms the starting point of the Information Artifact Ontology. Information artifacts are GDCs which are about something.

==Week 7: [https://youtu.be/G4lg1_-XpiE Ontology of Terrorism]==
:Acts of terrorism are often described in terms of "sending a message" (for example to a government) through violence or threats of violence. We present the beginnings of an ontology of terrorism on this basis, drawing on the theory of speech acts but also on a more general theory of language according to which a language is a set of capabilities associated with a set of behaviors.

==Week 8: [https://youtu.be/jH1sc7FTs3w Capabilities (2022)]; ==
:The first of these two videos proposes a definition of capability as a universal falling between function and disposition as the latter are defined in Basic Formal Ontology (BFO). Capabilities are like functions in that they can be evaluated on the basis of how well they are realized. They differ from functions in that they are not the rationale for the existence of their bearers. Thus, a water pump may have, in addition to its function of pumping water, many capabilities including: to be weatherproof, to run without lubricant, and so forth. We argue, that all functions are capabilities, but not all capabilities are functions, and we develop a series of axioms to distinguish capabilities formally from both dispositions and functions. We provide examples of the use of capability in a variety of domains, focusing on a definition of language as a capability of persons.

==Week 9: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTVR7k63_VA BFO and DOLCE]
:How BFO functions as a support for its users.

==Week 10: [https://youtu.be/-OUr0tuFloM Relatively isolated systems]==
:Ingarden's work on ontology is one of the principal sources motivating the creation of BFO. We here present Ingarden's work on systems of different types.

==Week 11: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0masZPGLb0 ISO/IEC 21838]==
:This is the top-level ontology / BFO standard

==Week 12: JOWO [https://youtu.be/VYDe09TOw2M Part 1], [https://studio.youtube.com/video/wh_KZGXc1Es/edit Part 2], [https://youtu.be/fkkWkTIxrNQ Temporalized Relations]==

:Begins with a 2-part video of a tutorial presented at the JOWO (Joint Ontologies Workshops). Part 1 introduces BFO to a technical audience. Part 2 provides a brief exposition of the rationale for including temporalized relations in the OWL specification of BFO 2020 (ISO/IEC 21838:2). Since OWL can accommodate only two-place relations, and since the de facto standard formalization of BFO uses OWL, there is a need for strategies to capture the temporal dimensions of general assertions such as "Milk teeth are lost as children grow" or "Thermally heated machines are inspected every 6 months." The third video provides an attempt at a simplified exposition of the issues involved.

==Week 13: [https://youtu.be/18php_34s-M The Emotion Ontology]==

==Midnight (November 30): Deadline for submission of your essay and powerpoint presentation==

==Week 14 7-8pm First Synchronous Student Presentation Session==

==Week 15 7-8pm Second Synchronous Student Presentation Session==

==Grading==

Students will be graded on the basis of essay and powerpoint presentation

==Background reading==

:[https://www.iso.org/standard/74572.html ISO standard]
:[https://grokipedia.com/page/basic_formal_ontology Grokipedia on Basic Formal Ontology]
:[https://github.com/PR0CK0/awesome-bfo Awesome BFO]
:[https://buffalo.box.com/s/3pyas5wwfwd2bgbe5o2dz36kncm9z5gf] R. Arp, B. Smith, A. Spear, ''Building Ontologies with Basic Formal Ontology'', Cambridge MA: MIT Press (2015).
:[https://philpapers.org/rec/JANCIT-2] Jansen, Ludger, and Barry Smith. "Categories in Top-Level Ontologies: Revisiting the Aristotelian Background," ''Advances in Knowledge Representation'', 5(3) (2025).
:[https://philpapers.org/rec/SIMAST] Peter M. Simons, "Against Set Theory", in: ''Experience and Analysis'', Vienna: HPT&ÖBV, 143-152 (2005).
:[https://philarchive.org/rec/SMIBCO] Barry Smith, "Beyond concepts: ontology as reality representation," in: ''Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems'' (FOIS 2004), 73-84. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2004.

==Supplementary Videos==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! # !! Video Title !! Duration !! YouTube Link
|-
| 1 || The Ontology of (Supply Chain) Services || 11:35 || https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1Zlunh3eMw
|-
| 2 || Industrial Ontologies Foundry (2022) || 7:52 || https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1pfsimHTApU remember to use Closed Captions
|-
| 3 || Ontology of (Social) Services || 10:38 || https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9qrwWAISrC8
|-
| 4 || Ontology Foundries || 20:51 || https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFiwmq7f4wQ
|-
| 5 || BFO Tutorial (2019). Part 1: Introduction to BFO ISO || 41:11 || https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=muafRW0bXgw
|-
| 6 || IOF: Draft BFO Formalization Proposal. 1-25-2019 || 31:06 || https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJgE-O2iREM
|-
| 7 || How BFO Deals with Data from Multiple Contexts || 16:31 || https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K9AsCDBRJpM
|-
| 8 || Why Do We Need Upper-Level Ontologies? || 20:47 || https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sjf9zeCh_Sw
|-
| 9 || Are there Capabilities on Mars? || 1:30:51 || https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lo7iPP2wKgw
|-
| 10 || Building Ontologies: An Introduction for Engineers (Part 1) || 54:17 || https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gh0f2Us0hr0
|-
| 11 || Building Ontologies: An Introduction for Engineers (Part 2) || 53:01 || https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8vdUUhF4JdE

Main Page

Phismith — Mon, 20 Apr 2026 15:33:00 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:33, 20 April 2026
Line 16:		Line 16:

	*[[Special Topics PHI 579: The World's Ontology Ecosystem]]		*[[Special Topics PHI 579: The World's Ontology Ecosystem]]

			*[[Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology: Fall 2026]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:38, 4 May 2026
(8 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[https://aowiki.nsm.buffalo.edu/index.php/Main_Page Course details]		[https://aowiki.nsm.buffalo.edu/index.php/Main_Page Course details]

	'''UB Applied Ontology Master of Science Program~~: Spring 2026~~'''		'''UB Applied Ontology Master of Science and PhD Program'''

	~~Four courses are available~~ for Spring 2026:		Courses for Spring 2026:

	*[https://aowiki.nsm.buffalo.edu/index.php/BFO-Intro Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology], University at Buffalo, Spring 2026		*PHI598: [https://aowiki.nsm.buffalo.edu/index.php/BFO-Intro Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology], University at Buffalo, Spring 2026

	*[https://aowiki.nsm.buffalo.edu/index.php/Introduction_to_Philosophy_from_an_Ontological_Perspective Introduction to Philosophy from an Ontological Perspective], University at Buffalo, Spring 2026		*PHI601: [https://aowiki.nsm.buffalo.edu/index.php/Introduction_to_Philosophy_from_an_Ontological_Perspective Introduction to Philosophy from an Ontological Perspective], University at Buffalo, Spring 2026

	*[https://aowiki.nsm.buffalo.edu/index.php/Ontology_and_AI Ontology and AI], University at Buffalo, Spring 2026		*PHI637: [https://aowiki.nsm.buffalo.edu/index.php/Ontology_and_AI Ontology and AI], University at Buffalo, Spring 2026

	*[https://aowiki.nsm.buffalo.edu/index.php/Ontology_of_Economics Ontology of Economics], University at Buffalo, Spring 2026		*PHI637: [https://aowiki.nsm.buffalo.edu/index.php/Ontology_of_Economics Ontology of Economics], University at Buffalo, Spring 2026

	The following course is ~~tentatively~~ planned for Summer 2026:		The following course is planned for Summer 2026:

	*[[Special Topics ~~PHI 579~~: The World's Ontology Ecosystem]]		*PHI 579: [[Special Topics: The World's Ontology Ecosystem]]

	These courses are plannned for Fall 2026		These courses are plannned for Fall 2026

	*[[Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology: Fall 2026]]		*PHI598: [[Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology: Fall 2026]]

	*[[Introduction to Philosophy from an Ontological Perspective: Fall 2026]]		*PHI601: [[Introduction to Philosophy from an Ontological Perspective: Fall 2026]]

	A new course entitled Ontology of Society, focusing on law and organizations, will be organized in Spring ~~2026~~.		A new course entitled Ontology of Society, focusing on law and organizations, will be organized in Spring 2027.